Exploring the Legacy of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs): A Comprehensive Overview

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), a term used to refer to institutions of higher education founded primarily for African Americans’ education, are pillars of education, resilience, and empowerment within the landscape of American higher education.

Since their inception, these institutions have played a vital role in providing educational opportunities for African American students, combating systemic barriers, and fostering academic excellence.

Today, HBCUs continue to make significant contributions to American society, enriching the fabric of higher education with their academic excellence and unique culture and heritage.

Overview of HBCUs

At the heart of the HBCU legacy lies a commitment to equality, access, and excellence in education. These institutions were founded with the mission of providing African American students with the opportunity to pursue higher education at a time when segregation and discrimination barred them from attending predominantly white institutions.

To that end, the nation’s first Historically Black College and University (HBCU), Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, opened in 1837—yes, even before the American Civil War. HBCUs were initially opened to allow African Americans to become specific roles like teachers, ministers, and tradesmen.

Today, our Higher Education Directory lists 105 HBCUs, each with a rich history, distinct characteristics , and unique degree offerings. Let’s explore some of these HBCUs and the higher education landscape that surrounds them.

Exploring the HBCU Landscape

There is a diverse landscape of HBCUs across the United States. From Alabama and Georgia to Texas and Maryland, these institutions span the country and offer a range of degree programs and academic opportunities.

Of the 105 HBCUs in our database, 40 offer degrees up to Doctorates, while 28 offer only up to a Master’s degree. This is a far advancement from the educational opportunities that were offered at the conception of these Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

Maryland has three state-funded institutions that rank among the top 20 HBCUs for 2024, according to US News. Those schools are Bowie State University, which enrolls 6,275 students; Morgan State University, which enrolls 9,101 students; and the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, which enrolls 2,518 students. All three of these institutions offer Doctorate-level degrees for their students.

Of those top 20 HBCUs, Georgia has 2 colleges that rank among them, with a third, Clark University, falling in at 21. Those Georgian Institutions include Clark Atlanta University, a private Methodist research university with around 4,000 enrollment. The degree offerings at this university include a Doctorate. Ranked #1 on the list for 2024 is Spelman College, an independent non-profit institution that offers Baccalaureate degree opportunities. This institution enrolls around 3,102 students. Morehouse College, which also offers Baccalaureate degrees and is an independent, non-profit institution, sees around 2,567 students enrolled.

You can find all this information and more within our HigherEd Direct Database.

Notable HBCUs:

While all HBCUs have significantly contributed to higher education and society, some institutions stand out for their historical significance, unique programs, or notable alumni. From Howard University in Washington, D.C., to Morehouse College in Georgia, they have left an indelible mark on American history and culture.

1. Howard University (Washington, D.C.): Founded in 1867, Howard University is one of the most prestigious HBCUs in the country. It offers various undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs and is renowned for its esteemed faculty and groundbreaking research. Howard University has produced numerous trailblazers in various fields, including politics, law, medicine, and the arts. Notable alumni include Thurgood Marshall, Toni Morrison, and Kamala Harris, the first female Vice President of the United States.
2. Spelman College (Atlanta, Georgia): Founded in 1881, Spelman College is a private, liberal arts institution for women and is consistently ranked among the top HBCUs in the nation. Spelman is renowned for its strong emphasis on social justice, community service, and academic excellence. The college has a distinguished history of producing leaders in various fields, including activism, academia, and the arts. Notable alumni include Stacey Abrams, Alice Walker, and Rosalind Brewer, the former CEO of Walgreens Boots Alliance.
3. Tuskegee University (Tuskegee, Alabama): Founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee University is a leading research institution known for its pioneering work in agricultural science, aviation, and engineering. It gained international recognition for the groundbreaking research conducted by its founder, Dr. George Washington Carver. Tuskegee has a long-standing tradition of producing trailblazers in fields such as medicine, education, and the military. Notable alumni include Ralph Ellison, Lionel Richie, and General Daniel “Chappie” James Jr., the first African American four-star general in the U.S. Air Force.

These HBCUs represent just a fraction of the remarkable institutions that have made significant contributions to American higher education and society as a whole. Their impact transcends their campuses, shaping the lives and careers of countless individuals and leaving an enduring legacy of excellence, empowerment, and social justice.

The Impact of HBCUs:

The impact of HBCUs extends far beyond the walls of their campuses. These institutions have produced generations of leaders, professionals, and scholars who have made significant contributions to their fields and communities. Here’s a closer look at just some of HBCUs’ impacts on American society:

1. Academic Excellence: HBCUs have a long-standing commitment to academic excellence despite facing challenges such as limited funding and resources. These institutions have consistently produced high-achieving graduates who excel in their chosen fields. HBCUs are known for providing a supportive and nurturing environment that fosters intellectual growth, critical thinking, and leadership skills.
2. Diversity and Inclusion: HBCUs have been at the forefront of promoting diversity and inclusion in higher education. These institutions welcome students from diverse backgrounds and provide inclusive environments where students feel valued, respected, and supported. HBCUs celebrate cultural diversity and encourage students to embrace their heritage while fostering a sense of unity and solidarity among all campus community members.
3. Social Mobility: HBCUs have provided pathways for social mobility for generations of African American students. Many HBCUs serve students from low-income backgrounds and first-generation college students, offering them opportunities for upward mobility and economic advancement. These institutions provide access to higher education for students who may not have had the opportunity to attend college otherwise, helping to close the opportunity gap and promote social equity.

Overall, HBCUs’ impact extends far beyond their campuses, shaping the lives of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Despite underfunding and accreditation issues, HBCUs have demonstrated unwavering resilience, remaining steadfast in their mission to provide a high-quality education to all students. These institutions embody the values of excellence, resilience, and empowerment, and their contributions to American higher education are invaluable.

The Closure of HBCUs

Unfortunately, the journey of some HBCUs has come to an end. Since the publication of the HigherEd Direct, seven HBCUs have closed their doors. Each closure, such as Morristown College in Tennessee being acquired by Knoxville College in 1989, represents a loss for the community and the broader landscape of higher education. Click here to view additional data surrounding HBCU closures, their location, their accreditation, and the reasons for closing.

The Importance of HBCUs

In conclusion, the legacy of HBCUs is one of resilience, excellence, and empowerment. These institutions have played a pivotal role in shaping the educational landscape of America and continue to be beacons of hope for future generations. As we reflect on their contributions, let us celebrate the rich heritage of HBCUs.